Two categories of technical standards are especially applicable in the learn-and-work ecosystem:

• De jure standards that are established as a matter of obligation or law through an authoritative standards body such as a governmental mandate; for example, ISO or International Standards Organization, IEEE or Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers).
• De facto standards that are established through broad adoption in communities of practice; for example, Dublin Core Terms, Credential Engine's Credential Transparency Description Language - CTDL, 1EdTech's published specifications, W3C recommendations.

Some frameworks used in the learn/work ecosystem are, at a minimum, de facto standards through community adoption and some (may) have de jure status through legally mandated use. Standards defined for use in totally closed environments are technically standards within that environment but have neither de jure nor de facto status.

See: Standards vs. Frameworks | Learn & Work Ecosystem Library (learnworkecosystemlibrary.com)